DIKÉ 2022/1.

Szerző: Herger Csabáné
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar

Az eredeti nyelvű leírás hiányzik.

*****

The history of the development of the matrimonial law is a particularly useful tool for researching and comparing the biblical and Roman law roots of European legal culture. In Western Christianity, the (essential elements of) canonical marriage law had been unified by the second decade of the 13th century. However, the Protestant movements that developed in the first half of the 16th century and their denominational marriage law system led to further fragmentation, which has essentially continued to the present day, notwithstanding the fact that the rise of civil marriage and the secularisation of the law of dissolution in the 19th and 20th centuries meant that denominational marriage law no longer had any civil legal force. The most appropriate method for a historical comparison of Protestant ecclesiastical marriage law is to first consider the doctrines of the founders of the dominant movements on the institution of marriage, focusing on the differences that constituted a breaking point in relation to medieval canon law on marriage. In the Protestant regions of Europe, hundreds of secular (state, provincial and municipal) laws on the marriage law had already been enacted by the 16th century, and their common feature, in addition to the theological background mentioned above, was that they drew on biblical and Roman legal roots, while retaining elements of traditional customary law. In this overview, I will first introduce the Protestant understanding of the virtues of marriage through the example of Martin Luther and Jean Calvin, and then examine how the generation of natural law scholars who followed them, notably Hugo Grotius and John Selden, thought about the marriage bond on this basis.

A részletes adatlapot a képre vagy a címre kattintva érheti el.

Ingyenesen letölthető, open access kiadvány.

Elolvasom/letöltöm (pdf)

Elolvasom/letöltöm (epub)

Szerző: Völgyesi Levente
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2022

Az eredeti nyelvű leírás hiányzik.

*****

For a long time, the regulation of marriage law in a unified system was not realized. In the late Middle Ages, canon law regulated the most important elements of marriage in systematic collections. The goods of the marriage were primarily contained in the Decretum Gratiani and the Liber extra. These goods were: fidelity, indissolubility, birth and care of children, sacramental character. Marriage law had four layers: ius naturalis, Holy Scripture, Roman law and canon law. Later, there was a unified regulation both in the field of Catholic dogmatics and canon law (Catechism (1566, 1992) and Corpus Iuris Canonici (1917, 1983).

A részletes adatlapot a képre vagy a címre kattintva érheti el.

Ingyenesen letölthető, open access kiadvány.

Elolvasom/letöltöm (pdf)

Elolvasom/letöltöm (epub)

Szerző: Tóth J. Zoltán
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2022

Az eredeti nyelvű leírás hiányzik.

*****

The present paper aims to briefly review the history of the concept of the rule of law. It gives an account of its three pillars, namely the English rule of law, the French constitutionalism and the German Rechtsstaat, their historically changing meanings and the evolution of the principles they protect. It highlights the political changes in the use of these concepts after the World War II, in an attempt to prevent the Nazi atrocities from recurring, and shows how the rule of law, the Rechtsstaat and the prééminence du droit have been given substance at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century.

A részletes adatlapot a képre vagy a címre kattintva érheti el.

Ingyenesen letölthető, open access kiadvány.

Elolvasom/letöltöm (pdf)

Elolvasom/letöltöm (epub)

Szerző: Mészáros István László
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2022

Az eredeti nyelvű leírás hiányzik.

*****

Our study undertakes to explore the Old and New Testament roots of the rule of law. It shows that the roots go back to the Mosaic laws and the organization of the ancient Jewish state based on them, an ancient state based primarily on laws. It points out that from the aspect of state and legal theory, the uniqueness of the Mosaic laws lay in the presentation of the supremacy and primacy of the law. This principle was reflected in the fact that no one, neither the king nor any leaders, could set themselves above the law. In addition, according to the specific laws concerning Israel’s kings, the exercise of royal power was even more confined within the framework of the law. We present that the principle of governance bound by law is part of the social teaching of both the Old and the New Testaments. All of this – in interaction with the related elements of ancient Greek-Roman political philosophy – played a prominent role in the fact that it was the Judeo-Christian culture where the idea of the rule of law spread and became the basic principle of the political and legal system of the states belonging to this circle.

A részletes adatlapot a képre vagy a címre kattintva érheti el.

Ingyenesen letölthető, open access kiadvány

Elolvasom/letöltöm (pdf)

Elolvasom/letöltöm (epub)

Szerző: Benke József
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2022

Az eredeti nyelvű leírás hiányzik.

*****

In the exercise of rights and in the performance of duties, the requirement of good faith and fair dealing encompasses the entire Hungarian legal system. In private law, including business relations, it has absolute priority. The exact determination of the content of the principle codified in Art. 1:3(1) of the Hungarian Civil Code required not only grammatic-logical and systematic-authentic interpretation but necessitated also a historical and comparative legal analysis. However, the usual, complex interpretation of norms could not lead to the pragmatically desirable result that the courts applying the codified norm do need. In order to achieve this goal, it was inevitable to examine in particular the treasures handed down to us from the philosophical, legal and religious-ethical intellectual complexes of the European intellectual heritage. As a result of the analysis, it is found that the conduct meets the requirement of the codified principle of good faith and fair dealing, which realizes the following four values [see I)-IV)] within the framework of the following five limiting factors [see 1)-5)]. The limitations are: 1) the interdependence of juxtaposition and equality; 2) the degree of objective rationality; 3) consideration of the other party's legal interest or interest worthy of consideration in addition to one’s own legal interest; 4) the general customs and practices between the parties; and 5) the frameworks of justice and equity. Between these frames, the legal subject makes the following: I) does good, avoids bad; II) does to the other what he also wishes for himself; III) does not hurt the others, IV) gives to others what they owe.

A részletes adatlapot a képre vagy a címre kattintva érheti el.

Ingyenesen letölthető, open access kiadvány.

Elolvasom/letöltöm (pdf)

Elolvasom/letöltöm (epub)

Szerző: Rugási Gyula
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2022

Az eredeti nyelvű leírás hiányzik.

*****

The extremely heterogeneous, and in many cases even contradictory nature of the interpretation of the Law by the 2nd Century Church Fathers accurately reflects the doctrinal and dogmatic diversity of the Church of the time, a diversity that could also be called ‘polypoikilia’ elegantly in the language of the Epistle of Ephesus. However, apart from exceptional cases, this interpretive elegance is very far from the method and approach of the Christian auctors of the period. This could rather be called a kind of ‘theological furor’, which is fuelled by one common erudition: the theological anti-Judaism that can be detected even among Jewish-Christian converts. However, other common features can be found as well, the most important of which are the following: 1. The Greek equivalent of the Old Testament Torah, the term Nomos taken from the Septuagint, means radically different things even to diaspora Jews who do not know Hebrew than to the Church Fathers coming from various cultural traditions, especially to those whose mother tongue is not Greek, and this applies to their education and schooling as well. 2. Not only Jesus’ masals (parables) related to the law, but also the earliest interpretations of the most important passages of the Pauline epistles (Romans, Galatians) are permeated by the completely incorrect way of thinking, which is based on the juxtaposition of law and faith, law and gospel. 3. As a consequence of Markion and the exegetical war fought with the Alexandrian Gnostics in the 2nd century, the Nomos loses its pneumatic character, which was still emphasized by Paul, and at best sinks back to a psychic level. 4. The most essential part of the Old Testament Law (at least in Exile, the most essential part), the halachic mitzvahs and provisions, becomes completely unintelligible to the Christian world. The study traces the causes and natural history of the above contradictions in the extant works of some key authors – the Shepard of Hermas, the Epistle of Barnabas, Melito of Sardis, St. Justin and others.

A részletes adatlapot a képre vagy a címre kattintva érheti el.

Ingyenesen letölthető, open access kiadvány.

Elolvasom/letöltöm (pdf)

Elolvasom/letöltöm (epub)

Szerző: Ruff Tibor
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2022

Az eredeti nyelvű leírás hiányzik.

*****

The Torah law and rabbinic jurisprudence are the decisive (and only explicit) starting points for the researcher in the study of the principle of freedom of speech and teaching. Their partial collision in the history of interpretation and jurisprudence of Judaism led, in a fruitful way, to the recognition and enforcement of freedom of conscience and, consequently, of the principles of freedom of speech and teaching, already in antiquity – not without restrictions in the theocratic state, but widely within the framework of the Torah. In exploring these boundaries, we will also gain insight into one of the interpretation methods of the Torah as an unappealable source of law with divine authority in all its words, the so-called pilpul, which unfolded in rabbinic legal hermeneutics.

A részletes adatlapot a képre vagy a címre kattintva érheti el.

Ingyenesen letölthető, open access kiadvány.

Elolvasom/letöltöm (pdf)

Elolvasom/letöltöm (epub)

Szerző: Finta Szilvia
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2022

Az eredeti nyelvű leírás hiányzik.

*****

In this paper, the issue of the “rule of law” is discussed within Jewish religious law (halakhah). My question is the following: how long can we talk about the rule of the Law of the Eternal – the Mosaic Law – and from when can we talk about the rule of human interpretations of the law, human conclusions and provisions drawn from it? The question is also particularly interesting because the mere reading of the Mosaic Law itself requires an interpretative approach due to the specific characteristics of the Hebrew language and the Hebrew text of the scrolls of the Torah. In order to discuss the trial issue, in my study I will examine the main features of the Written Torah, the necessity of its explaining, the creation of the Oral Torah, its categories, the most important authors, and their most basic works (Mishanh, Talmud etc.). I discuss the personalities of the legislators, – e.g., priest, judge, scribe, rabbi etc. – the nature of their authority, the most important legislative “organisations” (The Men of the Great Assembly, the Great Sanhedrin, smaller courts). The closer in time a Scripture-interpreter, decision-making generation is to the revelation at Mount Sinai, they are considered the more authoritative and unquestionable, and after the destruction of the Temple, decrees of smaller and smaller scope can be issued. At the same time, it seems that to keep the Jewish community united and to survive, the rabbis began to strictly regulate the life of the Jewish people with their decrees in ancient times already. However, in the course of history it has occurred – and is still a problem in some denominations nowadays – that human interpretations, opinions and decisions have overwritten even the original source, the Written Torah. This attitude is objected by several people, so in the course of history, trends that do not accept the Oral Torah were also created (e.g., Karaites), and mainly in the modern age, Judaism has fragmented into trends along the lines of questioning the authority of the Oral Torah. Actually, the different denominations give different answers to the question of how long the rule of the Eternal’s Law lasts, and from when we can talk about the rule of human opinions and decisions, so examining the attitude and halakhah of the different trends, the debates between these denominations can help us think more deeply about the issue.

A részletes adatlapot a képre vagy a címre kattintva érheti el.

Ingyenesen letölthető, open access kiadvány

Elolvasom/letöltöm (pdf)

Elolvasom/letöltöm (epub)

Szerző: Barcsi Tamás
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2022

Az eredeti nyelvű leírás hiányzik.

*****

In my study, I will interpret the concepts of moral dignity and human dignity in medieval and Renaissance ethics and philosophy of law, without aiming to be exhaustive. First, I will discuss the various meanings of dignity and refer to Cicero’s ideas, which are of fundamental importance for our topic. I will then discuss the Christian understanding of dignity, draw attention to some of the relevant views of St Augustine and St Thomas Aquinas, discuss Dante Alighieri’s concept of nobility, and review Pico della Mirandola’s seminal understanding of dignity. I will conclude by exploring the interrelations between the conceptions examined.

A részletes adatlapot a képre vagy a címre kattintva érheti el.

Ingyenesen letölthető, open access kiadvány.

Elolvasom/letöltöm (pdf)

Elolvasom/letöltöm (epub)

Szerző: Hamza Gábor
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2022

Az eredeti nyelvű leírás hiányzik.

*****

Natural law is the first theory in ethics and philosophy in European legal culture to take a principled interest in the comparison of laws. The following study will examine what tendencies towards comparative law can be discerned in the works of the representatives of natural law in the various periods, and to what extent these were linked to biblical (divine) law. In doing so, the author pays particular attention to the humanist school of law in the Mediterranean, then to the natural law scholars in the 16th-18th centuries, and to some early representatives of the historical school of law, until the cult of Roman law (as ’Kryptonaturrecht’) took the place of the ’defeated’ natural law in the approach of the later representatives of this school. The important links between natural law and comparative law are presented by the author primarily from the point of view of the history of science.

A részletes adatlapot a képre vagy a címre kattintva érheti el.

Ingyenesen letölthető, open access kiadvány

Elolvasom/letöltöm (pdf)

Elolvasom/letöltöm (epub)

Szerző: Frivaldszky János
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2022

Az eredeti nyelvű leírás hiányzik.

*****

In Deuteronomy, this form of 'covenant' appears as dominant: "you shall be my people". This formula therefore establishes that Israel is God's people. It is a gift by which the Lord has chosen Israel from among many peoples. Thus the chosen people become God's property (segullah), an inheritance. The formal act of the covenant is given meaning and significance insofar as it establishes the life of the covenant relationship and provides its framework, but the emphasis here is on the covenant relationship itself, its inner life.

A részletes adatlapot a képre vagy a címre kattintva érheti el.

Ingyenesen letölthető, open access kiadvány

Elolvasom/letöltöm (pdf)

Elolvasom/letöltöm (epub)

Szerző: Herger Csabáné
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2022

Az eredeti nyelvű leírás hiányzik.

*****

On 3 June 2022, the Faculty of Law of the University of Pécs hosted an interdisciplinary conference, where linguists, ancient historians, Roman jurists, rabbinical jurists, canon lawyers, legal philosophers and legal historians discussed the question, the influence of the Old and New Testament legal orders on the European legal culture, and the extent to which there is a parallel between the biblical and Roman legal roots of our legal culture. This volume contains 15 papers whose authors have contributed to this multifaceted discussion of this vast subject in the framework of the research project ’The Legal Relevance of the Vetus et Novum Testamentum. Parallels between the Jewish-Christian and Roman Law Roots of our Legal Culture’ of the Dezső Márkus Research Group for Comparative Legal History. In this introductory paper, the research questions and methodology are presented by the project leader.

A részletes adatlapot a képre vagy a címre kattintva érheti el.

Ingyenesen letölthető, open access kiadvány.

Elolvasom/letöltöm (pdf)

Elolvasom/letöltöm (epub)