Szerző: Falus Orsolya; Tunç, Bilal
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2026

A cikk angol nyelvű.

*****

According to Aquinas’s theory, divinity is not absent from natural law theory, as the original creator of the world, God, must be in some sense ultimately responsible for nature and its laws. Starting with this reasoning, it can be stated that God is the source of all values, which is the predominant philosophy and theology of the Islamic world as well. An important feature of this sense of natural law thought has a straight connection to the Islamic Maslaha, which refers basically to the purpose or goal which law is to serve. Maslaha is a concept in Shariah, the traditional Islamic law. It is not equal to Shariah, but rather a notion that belongs to Fiqh as the Islamic jurisprudence. It is one of the secondary sources in Islamic jurisprudence used by some Madhhab to interpret Shariah – the general principles present in the Quran and the Sunnah – in order to set rules. The aim of the present paper is to introduce Ibn Khaldun as a representative of Maliki law school, and his natural legal theory on money, based on his opus magnum (“Al-Muqaddimah”). The research method applied is source analysis.

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Szerző: Kovács Szabolcs
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2026

Az eredeti nyelvű leírás hiányzik.

*****

Hungarian-Romanian Extradition Negotiations and Proceedings in Cases Involving War Criminals after World War II
This study examines the operation of the Cluj People’s Tribunal in the years following the Second World War, with particular emphasis on the legal and political context of the extradition agreements concluded between Romania and Hungary. The analysis situates the tribunal’s judicial practices within the broader international and regional efforts to prosecute war criminals, highlighting how diplomatic cooperation between the two states – along with its inherent limitations – shaped the outcomes of individual proceedings. The study addresses the jurisdictional disputes arising from the implementation of the extradition agreements, the challenges related to the transfer and evaluation of evidence, and the ways in which these processes reflected the ethnopolitical tensions present within Romanian justice system. Through a comparative examination of sources, the study argues that the functioning of the Cluj People’s Tribunal was defined by the dual aims of post-war transitional justice: the pursuit of accountability and the reinforcement of political legitimacy. This duality significantly influenced Romanian – Hungarian extradition practices and played a key role in shaping the region’s post-war legal and memory politics.

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Szerző: Kuukhlee, Odontuya
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2026

A cikk angol nyelvű.

*****

This article explores the position of traditional law within Mongolia’s current legal system by comparing it with the roles traditional legal systems play in other legal families around the world. It highlights how the influence and function of traditional law vary across countries based on their unique historical, cultural, and legal developments. The study notes that while traditional law served an essential regulatory function in Mongolia’s past, today it is preserved mainly in symbolic and cultural forms within the Constitution and other legal documents, without holding binding legal authority. Furthermore, it discusses the challenges of translating legal terminology into English, which often leads to ambiguity among scholars. The findings suggest that traditional law, though no longer a normative source of regulation, continues to reflect Mongolia’s national identity and historical continuity within the legal framework. Although the terms ‘legal tradition’ and ‘traditional law’ are often translated into Mongolian using the same or similar words – thereby creating ambiguity – the two concepts are clearly distinguishable in terms of their scope and meaning. In Mongolia’s legal sources, there is no official legal terminology equivalent to ‘indigenous law’ or ‘local law,’ and customary law is not formally applied at the legal or regulatory level. Within the field of legal studies, customary norms are generally regarded as informal or non-codified sources of regulation.

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Szerző: Falus Orsolya; Khatanzorig, Munkhbayar
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2026

A cikk angol nyelvű.

*****

Established in 1921 as Institute of Literature and Scripts the Mongolian Academy of Sciences (MAS) is the main center of scientific thought and research institution in Mongolia. Despite the fact that several studies have been published in Hungary to date on the subject of specific academic relations, no attempt has been made to present the Mongolian Academy of Sciences in detail. The aim of this paper is to introduce the formation, historical development, organizational structure, current operation of MAS, as well as the most important opportunities and challenges it faces. The study is the result of research conducted in November 17–22, 2025 in Ulaanbaatar within the framework of the mobility grant of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The method used is document and legal source analysis.

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Szerző: Dziadzio, Andrzej
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2026

A cikk angol nyelvű.

*****

The article discusses the origins and significance of the French institution of the form of contract for evidentiary purposes in the context of the development of the principle of freedom of contract in canon law in Europe. The second aim of the paper is to demonstrate the implementation of this institution in the Polish legal system in the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as its application by Kraków courts following the introduction of the French Code civil on Polish soils.

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Szerző: Obrusánszky Borbála
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2026

A cikk angol nyelvű.

*****

In the social relations of ancient steppe horsemen, kinship bonds played a defining role. However, there was an ancient customary law that allowed non-kin tribal leaders to enter into strong and long-term agreements with each other, that way the foreign, non-kin contracting parties could also become adopted siblings. Unfortunately, the study of Eurasian blood oaths is currently not a priority within the research, and over the past nearly one and a half centuries, only some papers or analyses have been published on this topic. There is no comprehensive monograph on the subject, although references to sworn brotherhood and alliances sometimes appear in studies concerning the steppe tribes and alliances.

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Szerző: Borch, Fred L.
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2026

A cikk angol nyelvű.

*****

After al Qaeda’s September 11, 2001 attacks, U.S. President George Bush decided that those responsible – and other terrorists – should be prosecuted at military tribunals rather than in civilian courts. This article examines the wisdom of this decision and concludes that the use of military tribunals to prosecute alleged terrorists has not been effective but rather been a failure.

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Szerző: Kanyar Adrienn
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2026

A cikk angol nyelvű.

*****

The East African Digo tribe is a young Islamic group, just a hundred years old. In addition to their unique, folk Islamic religion, they have strong tribal traditions and customs, which can be felt in all areas of their society. This duality also appears in areas of regulations in culture and music. By studying them, on the one hand, we can help preserve these special legal customs, and on the other hand, they can help us to understand how Shariah functions in young Muslim groups.

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Szerző: Brauneder, Wilhelm 
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2026

A cikk német nyelvű, az eredeti nyelvű leírás hiányzik.

*****

From the Middle Ages up to the 19th century Private Law (Civil Law) was dominated by different types of treaties and last wills – not by consuetudinary law or by statutory law. Roman Law (Gemeines Recht on the continent) was mostly not regarded as legal regulations but as a matter of opinions in the theoretical framework of legal scholars all over Europe. Because of this character, “Roman Law“ was not to be followed strictly, was discussed, even denied. Therefore the legal practice in everyday life – manifested in treaties, last wills and in different registers – followed by theoretical reflections about that together with the since 1500 increasingly referred to statutory laws enacted by the outspreading modern statehood stood against “Roman Law“ (Gemeines Recht). Private autonomy (Privatautonomie) prevailed.

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Szerző: Herger Cs. Eszter
Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar 2026

A cikk angol nyelvű.

*****

Az angol összefoglaló hiányzik.

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